{"id":427,"date":"2023-11-11T14:56:00","date_gmt":"2023-11-11T14:56:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/?p=427"},"modified":"2023-12-11T08:53:01","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T08:53:01","slug":"rethink-hygiene-and-environmental-problems-via-our-shit","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/rethink-hygiene-and-environmental-problems-via-our-shit\/","title":{"rendered":"Rethink Hygiene and Environmental Problems (Via Our Shit)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” admin_label=”Header” _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_margin=”||-1px|||” custom_padding=”110px|||||” custom_padding_tablet=”50px||||false|false” custom_padding_phone=”” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”0px||0px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ z_index=”10″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.16″ positioning=”absolute” vertical_offset=”-40px” horizontal_offset=”-40px” vertical_offset_tablet=”-20px” vertical_offset_phone=”” vertical_offset_last_edited=”on|tablet” horizontal_offset_tablet=”-20px” horizontal_offset_phone=”” horizontal_offset_last_edited=”on|desktop” width=”100%” max_width=”220px” min_height=”220px” border_width_all=”2px” border_color_all=”#d8c8a5″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Event8-300×225.jpg” title_text=”Event8″ show_bottom_space=”off” _builder_version=”4.23″ z_index=”1″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_cta title=”@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF90aXRsZSIsInNldHRpbmdzIjp7ImJlZm9yZSI6IiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIn19@” button_url=”#” _builder_version=”4.23″ _dynamic_attributes=”title,content” header_level=”h1″ header_font=”Poppins|500|||||||” header_text_color=”#000000″ header_font_size=”50px” header_line_height=”1.2em” body_font=”Montserrat||||||||” body_line_height=”1.8em” background_color=”#ffffff” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”14px” button_text_color=”#000000″ button_bg_color=”#fff0ec” button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”2px” button_font=”Montserrat|600||on|||||” button_use_icon=”off” button_custom_margin=”30px||||false|false” button_custom_padding=”20px|30px|20px|30px|true|true” positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”top_right” z_index=”1″ position_origin_a_tablet=”” position_origin_a_phone=”” position_origin_a_last_edited=”on|desktop” position_origin_f_tablet=”” position_origin_f_phone=”” position_origin_f_last_edited=”on|desktop” position_origin_r_tablet=”” position_origin_r_phone=”” position_origin_r_last_edited=”on|desktop” text_orientation=”left” background_layout=”light” width_tablet=”80%” width_phone=”90%” width_last_edited=”on|phone” max_width=”700px” custom_padding=”20px|20px|20px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_tablet=”|0px||0px|false|true” custom_padding_phone=”” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_font_size_tablet=”64px” header_font_size_phone=”40px” header_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” positioning_tablet=”relative” positioning_phone=”” positioning_last_edited=”on|tablet” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9leGNlcnB0Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiIiwiYWZ0ZXIiOiIiLCJ3b3JkcyI6IjE4IiwicmVhZF9tb3JlX2xhYmVsIjoiIn19@[\/et_pb_cta][et_pb_divider show_divider=”off” _builder_version=”4.23″ transform_scale_tablet=”” transform_scale_phone=”” transform_scale_last_edited=”on|desktop” transform_rotate_tablet=”” transform_rotate_phone=”” transform_rotate_last_edited=”on|desktop” transform_skew_tablet=”” transform_skew_phone=”” transform_skew_last_edited=”on|desktop” transform_origin_tablet=”” transform_origin_phone=”” transform_origin_last_edited=”on|desktop” positioning=”absolute” position_origin_a=”bottom_right” vertical_offset=”-40px” horizontal_offset=”-40px” vertical_offset_tablet=”-20px” vertical_offset_phone=”” vertical_offset_last_edited=”on|phone” horizontal_offset_tablet=”-20px” horizontal_offset_phone=”” horizontal_offset_last_edited=”on|tablet” width=”100%” max_width=”220px” min_height=”220px” border_width_all=”15px” border_color_all=”#a20404″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_divider][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”5px||5px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” text_orientation=”justified” text_font_size_tablet=”15px” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Speaker: Dr. Daren Shi-chi Leung (Research Assistant Professor at Department of Cultural Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong.)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Date: August 12, 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n

Location: ACS Institute, International Center for Cultural Studies, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taiwan.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Notes taken by Qi Li (PhD student, Institute of Social Research and Cultural Studies, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University)<\/strong><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ header_2_font=”Bellefair||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font_size=”48px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” header_6_font=”Montserrat|700||on|||||” header_6_text_color=”#ff4e00″ header_6_font_size=”12px” header_6_letter_spacing=”2px” header_6_line_height=”1.2em” text_orientation=”center” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”center” header_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_6_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_font_size_last_edited=”off|phone” text_text_align=”justify” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” header_2_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_3_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_4_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_5_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_3_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_4_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_5_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_4_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_5_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_6_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_2_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_3_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_4_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_5_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_6_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_2_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_3_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_4_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_5_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_6_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_2_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_3_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_4_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_5_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_6_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_3_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_4_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_5_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_6_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_2_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet”]

What does it mean to become a \u201cdirty ethnographer\u201d?<\/h6>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” text_orientation=”justified” text_font_size_tablet=”15px” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”]

Dr. Leung, who has studied the environment, food, and waste for years, sees his ethnographic work on human waste management as a way to rethink the urban-rural connection, human-nature relations, and the socialist-capitalist transition in China.

In the seminar \u201cRethink hygiene and environmental problems (via our shit)\u201d, Dr. Leung positioned his research as an interdisciplinary study of human excrement, combining the discard studies in STS, the agroecology\/farming dimension in environmental history, and the critical study on modernity in Cultural Studies.

Dr. Leung first introduced a Netflix science documentary episode Poop, connected (2020), a visualized work on \u201codyssey of shit\u201d which shares similar concerns with his own work of doing \u201cdirty ethnography\u201d, and guides people to the underground world of cities\u2014the sewage system. \u201cPoop connects us all,\u201d the main topic of the episode, indicates that \u201cthe most disgusting part of ourselves might just be our most significant contribution to the universe\u201d (Latif Nasser). Thus, instead of just \u201cflushing it and forgetting it,\u201d Dr. Leung takes the management of sewage as an important key to explore the history of managing human waste.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Post Body” _builder_version=”4.23″ custom_padding=”4px|||||” border_width_top=”2px” border_color_top=”#a20404″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ header_2_font=”Bellefair||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font_size=”48px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” header_6_font=”Montserrat|700||on|||||” header_6_text_color=”#ff4e00″ header_6_font_size=”12px” header_6_letter_spacing=”2px” header_6_line_height=”1.2em” text_orientation=”center” max_width=”700px” module_alignment=”center” header_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” header_6_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_font_size_last_edited=”off|phone” text_text_align=”justify” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” header_2_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_3_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_4_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_5_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_3_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_4_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_5_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_4_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_5_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_6_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_2_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_3_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_4_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_5_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_6_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_2_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_3_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_4_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_5_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_6_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_2_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_3_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_4_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_5_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_6_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_3_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_4_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_5_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_6_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_2_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet”]

In his argument, Dr. Leung said:<\/h6>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” text_orientation=”justified” text_font_size_tablet=”15px” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}” header_2_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_3_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_4_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_5_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_3_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_4_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_5_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_4_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_5_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_6_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_2_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_3_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_4_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_5_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_6_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_2_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_3_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_4_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_5_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_6_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_2_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_3_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_4_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_5_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_6_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_3_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_4_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_5_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_6_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_2_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet”]

We eat as much as we excrete. And the toilet is more than merely a device letting their tension be flushed and forgotten. My historicization of human shit in the Chinese context renders the visible history of the present, a conjunctural present that re-connects the ways we produce food and the ways we handle our dirty disposal. It sheds light on other possibilities for the metabolic relationship of society and nature, to remedy social and ecological crises like worldwide soil degradation, and to think about what environmental health means to a more-than-human world.<\/em><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Picture1.jpg” title_text=”Picture1″ _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” text_orientation=”justified” text_font_size_tablet=”15px” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}” header_2_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_3_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_4_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_5_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_3_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_4_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_5_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_4_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_5_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_6_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_2_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_3_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_4_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_5_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_6_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_2_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_3_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_4_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_5_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_6_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_2_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_3_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_4_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_5_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_6_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_3_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_4_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_5_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_6_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_2_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet”]

When Dr. Leung started his research about hygiene regulation and environmental problems in the Chinese socialist period, he did not expect that the most important reformat for his research would be his mom. His mother was born in the late 1950s, right after the painful and hard time of the Great Famine. Collecting all sorts of organic waste and composting were part of her jobs and that would be compensated with workpoints (\u5de5\u5206) by her production team. During the Cultural Revolution, her team built a new public toilet to produce manure for fertilizer and farming uses.<\/p>\n

The socialist toilet system in Mao\u2019s era (1950s-70s), according to Dr. Leung, was a combination of the agricultural collectivization movement and the patriotic hygiene movement. Dr. Leung gave an analysis of the process in three dimensions: 1. The valuation of humanure, 2. The socio-technological practices of toilets, and 3. The political transformation of rural-urban exchange.<\/p>\n

As Schneider and McMichael (2010) stated, socialist China developed its specific agroecological knowledge that constructed the value of humanure and governs relations associated with humans and ecology. In the communal economy, workpoint refers to a remuneration system\/method in favor of local control over the annual organization of agricultural input and the distribution of its output. It reasonably maintained households\u2019 food consumption, like rice, sweet potatoes, and vegetables grown in the collective and private farms. The more fertile the land, the more yield the year, and the more grain (or cash) distributed to its members. Thus, every rural brigade was encouraged to establish their own professional manure teams, which included cadres, peasants, barefoot doctors and medical experts, who were equipped not only with the technical skills of composting but also Maoist revolutionary thought. Also, toilet management concerning both fertilizer and hygiene. Related workers will be remunerated by distinguished humanure and other kinds of manure in terms of quality and quantity.<\/p>\n

Dr. Leung then explained how the social-technological practices of toilets worked. He took the \u201cscientific compost\u201d as an example. \u201cScientific compost\u201d was one of the key \u201cred\u201d technologies in Mao\u2019s era. It emphasized the alliance between scientists, local cadres, peasants, and health experts, on-field experiments (like sealing fermentation), and concern for both human health and soil health.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”|||” global_colors_info=”{}” custom_padding__hover=”|||”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Picture1-1.png” title_text=”Picture1″ _builder_version=”4.23″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ text_font=”||||||||” text_font_size=”16px” text_line_height=”2em” text_orientation=”justified” text_font_size_tablet=”15px” text_font_size_phone=”14px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” text_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}” header_2_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_3_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_4_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_5_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_6_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_3_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_4_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_5_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_6_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_2_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_3_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_4_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_5_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_6_3_font_size_tablet=”34px” header_2_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_3_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_4_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_5_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_6_3_font_size_phone=”28px” header_2_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_3_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_3_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_4_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_5_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_6_4_font_size_tablet=”22px” header_2_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_3_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_4_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_5_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_6_4_font_size_phone=”18px” header_2_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_3_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_4_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_5_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_6_4_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” header_2_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_3_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_4_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_5_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_6_5_font_size_phone=”16px” header_2_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_3_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_4_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_5_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet” header_6_5_font_size_last_edited=”on|tablet”]

After briefly introducing the socialist practice of the \u201cscientific compost\u201d and the environmental hygiene movement (of which the most important role was barefoot doctors, who had basic and comprehensive knowledge of medicine, medical care, and public hygiene management in rural China), Dr. Leung offered a detailed elaboration on the political transformation of rural-urban exchange towards the transformation of urban nightsoil market to collective economy. In this case, he observed that by adopting the language of the Cultural Revolution, the local cadres reframed the collective management of human waste as a class struggle \u201cto annihilate traditional habits,\u201d namely the \u201cbad wind of old thoughts.\u201d The termination of the nightsoil market means that rural members no longer need to spend more than 500 workpoints every day to go to the city and buy manure. In the 1970s, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Naion even published a booklet to introduce the Chinese experience of recycling organic wastes in agriculture. The FAO stated that \u201ca cyclic change that returns the farming communities (including peasants and land) much of the constituent of manurial value which originally came into the town from the countryside in the form of food.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0.03)” z_index=”10″ custom_padding=”140px|60px|60px|60px|false|true” custom_padding_tablet=”40px|40px|40px|40px|true|true” custom_padding_phone=”20px|20px|20px|20px|true|true” custom_padding_last_edited=”on|phone” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23.1″ text_font=”Cardo||||||||” text_text_color=”#2a2a2a” text_font_size=”48px” text_line_height=”1.4em” text_orientation=”right” custom_margin=”|-130px|30px||false|false” custom_margin_tablet=”|0px|||false|false” custom_margin_phone=”” custom_margin_last_edited=”on|tablet” hover_enabled=”0″ text_font_size_tablet=”36px” text_font_size_phone=”30px” text_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” text_text_align=”right” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” text_text_align_tablet=”left” text_text_align_last_edited=”on|tablet” text_text_align_phone=”left” sticky_enabled=”0″]

Conclusion:<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ text_line_height=”1.8em” text_orientation=”justify” max_width=”600px” module_alignment=”center” custom_padding=”||34px|||” text_text_align=”justify” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]

In general, Dr. Leung regarded the fall of Mao\u2019s era as a process of metabolic disturbance. In the late 1970s, the socialist toilet system no longer operated, as well as the traditional management of human waste was abandoned. At the same time, the country witnessed the rapid growth of chemical fertilizers in farming. As the ways of \u201ccyclic change\u201d are broken, the metabolic interactions between humans and soils are interrupted, but in particular ways (e.g., waste mismanagement, epidemic diseases, western hygienic measures, etc). Moreover, the idea of environmental hygiene splits from public hygiene to agricultural production. However, after all these changes, statistics show that 85% of the rural population still recycle household waste on their subsistence farms.<\/p>\n

At the end of the lecture, Dr. Leung provided some of his thoughts about the \u201csocialist history of shit\u201d. For him, the study of excremental modernity is not relative but relational, which reminds researchers to study shit in a broader relational framework that connects the human body, nature, food, history, and technology. To conduct a relational study in this way is to challenge the systematic binary category of resource\/waste, clean\/dirty, private\/public, progressive\/backward, etc. Also, he emphasized the importance of reference through local histories and lived experiences, as he learned a lot from his mother\u2019s personal experience during the socialist era.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.16″ custom_padding=”70px||70px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_image src=”https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/Event8-scaled.jpg” title_text=”Event8″ _builder_version=”4.23″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Comments” _builder_version=”4.16″ saved_tabs=”all” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text content_last_edited=”off|desktop” _builder_version=”4.16″ _dynamic_attributes=”content” header_2_font=”Bellefair||||||||” header_2_text_color=”#000000″ header_2_font_size=”48px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” header_2_font_size_tablet=”42px” header_2_font_size_phone=”34px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]@ET-DC@eyJkeW5hbWljIjp0cnVlLCJjb250ZW50IjoicG9zdF9jb21tZW50X2NvdW50Iiwic2V0dGluZ3MiOnsiYmVmb3JlIjoiPGgyPiIsImFmdGVyIjoiIENvbW1lbnRzPC9oMj4iLCJsaW5rX3RvX2NvbW1lbnRzX3BhZ2UiOiJvbiJ9fQ==@[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_comments show_avatar=”off” show_count=”off” _builder_version=”4.23″ form_field_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” form_field_text_color=”#000000″ form_field_focus_background_color=”rgba(0,0,0,0)” title_font=”Bellefair||||||||” title_text_color=”#000000″ title_line_height=”1.2em” form_field_font=”Montserrat|600||on|||||” form_field_font_size=”11px” form_field_letter_spacing=”3px” custom_button=”on” button_text_size=”11px” button_text_color=”#fff0ec” button_bg_color=”#000000″ button_border_width=”0px” button_border_radius=”0px” button_letter_spacing=”2px” button_font=”|700||on|||||” button_custom_padding=”20px|30px|20px|30px|true|true” border_radii_fields=”on|0px|0px|0px|0px” border_color_all_fields=”#000000″ border_width_bottom_fields=”1px” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}” button_bg_color__hover=”#ff4e00″ button_bg_color__hover_enabled=”on|desktop”][\/et_pb_comments][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ admin_label=”Related Articles” _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.16″ global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_text _builder_version=”4.23″ header_2_font=”Poppins|700|||||||” header_2_font_size=”70px” header_2_line_height=”1.2em” max_width=”750px” header_2_font_size_tablet=”48px” header_2_font_size_phone=”36px” header_2_font_size_last_edited=”on|desktop” locked=”off” global_colors_info=”{}”]

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Speaker: Dr. Daren Shi-chi Leung (Research Assistant Professor at Department of Cultural Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong.) Date: August 12, 2023 Location: ACS Institute, International Center for Cultural Studies, National […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":428,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"1080","footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tarn-report"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=427"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":760,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/427\/revisions\/760"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/428"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/transit-asia.chss.nycu.edu.tw\/tarn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}